The European Convention Of Human Rights - 1657 Words

The European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) can be defined as an international agreement initiated within the Council of Europe, which was established in 1949 in Strasbourg in France in order to unify Europe after the Second World War (Harries et al., 2014; O Boyle, 2014). According to Donald et al., (2012), United Kingdom was among the first countries to adopt and has played an important role in ECHR creation at that time. In 1966, the petition and jurisdiction of UK’s citizens was voluntary and individuals was able to take a case and jurisdictions to the ECtHR in Strasbourg. Latterly, in 1998 this process become compulsory for all countries that are members of the (ECHR). Since that time, European countries has become covered under this agreement as a form of legal system in the unify area. However, it could be argued that the UK has the least number of cases in the ECtHR in Strasbourg. O Boyle (2014. P. 15) stated that â€Å"The UK has a very low ‘rate of defeat’ at Strasbourg. Of the nearly 12,000 applications brought against the UK between 1999 and 2010, the vast majority fell at the first hurdle†. Further they stated that, â€Å"Only three per cent (390 applications) were declared admissible. An even smaller proportion of applications - 1.8 per cent (215) - eventually resulted in a judgment finding a violation†, which in terms means that the UK has lost only 1 out of 50 of the cases that took place in the UK. Thus, some one could argue and question the extant that thisShow MoreRelatedThe European Convention On Human Rights1492 Words   |  6 Pagesthat is italicized needs to be rewritten The European Convention on Human Rights. Exactly what is it and what are its aims? Its an international treaty which only member States of the Council of Europe may sign. The Convention lays a basic groundwork of all rights and guarantees which the States have to be held to. These rights include the freedom of though, expression, conscience, religion, effective remedy, peace enjoyment of possessions, and the right to vote and to stand for election. However,Read MoreThe European Convention On Human Rights1704 Words   |  7 PagesThe European Convention on Human Rights was drafted in 1950. The UK and other 47 states have signed up. It is based on a series of articles and each of them protects a basic human right, allowing people to live free and respected lives. All the signatory states have to respect the fundamental civil rights which include: the right to life (article 2); prohibition of torture(article 3); the prohibition of slavery and forced labour(article 4); the right to liberty and security(article 5); the rightRead MoreThe European Convention On Human Rights2782 Words   |  12 Pagesholocaust, where humans were exploited was seen by many. To prevent this from happening in the future, the European Countries had come together in order to devise a strategy. The outcome of this was that Council of Europe, was created in order to draft a European convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to safeguard human rights and the basic freedoms in Europe. Human Rights (HR) is considered to be a minimum legal protection and freedom to which every citizen is entitled by virtue of human beings. EachRead MoreThe European Convention Of Human Rights Act1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR), outlines the various rights of citizens in European nations, giving explicit power to the European courts (ECtHR), as well as domestic courts, with regard to the violation of these rights in the member states of the European Union. One thing to note is that the ECHR cannot be enacted without referring to the Human Rights Act (HRA) of 1998, which was inspired by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) at Geneva in 1948. The aim of this essayRead MoreThe European Convention on Human Rights Act 1998968 Words   |  4 Pagesstatement The European Convention on Human Rights exists to guarantee legal protection to fundamental rights. It will examine how rights are protected in law and the way the UK approaches th e protection of these rights. Explanation will be made of the way that the UK addresses the implementation of the rights in the English legal system. Issues such as conflicting rights and legal limitations will also be considered. An evaluation will be made of whether or not The Human Rights Act 1998 protectsRead MoreSources Of Law And European Convention On Human Rights Essay1160 Words   |  5 Pages Starting with the fact that sources of law in Wales and England are similar, there are 4 sources of law, which are: Statute Law, Common Law, European Law and European Convention on Human Rights. First of all, Statute law is a written law passed by a legislature on the state of federal level. An example of it would be  «Theft Act 1968 ». It is the first and primary source of law and it is created by proposing a Bill in Parliament. After three readings of the bill in House of Commons and House of LordsRead MoreDefinition Of Media Freedom Of Expression Under Article 10 Of The Human Rights Act And The European Convention On1676 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 3 - Explanation of Media Freedom of Expression under Article 10 of the Human Rights Act and the European Convention on Human Rights On the 2nd October 2000, the Human Rights Act 1998 came into force as the most important privacy statute to further strengthen the UK domestic law by affording the rights introduced by the European Convention on Human Rights. The HRA 1998 have been introduced with a wide and comprehensive scope as it applies to most domestic public authorities and bodies including:Read MoreThe European Convention On Human Rights1978 Words   |  8 PagesWith a number of recent high profile court rulings and a major new Regulation in the works, data privacy has become a cause cà ©là ¨bre within the European Union (EU). The size and connectivity of the European market means that shifts in its regulatory framework ripple with major consequences for global business. The EU’s latest attempts to legislate in this area are a consequence of shortcomings in the design and implementation of the existing system of data collection, retention and safeguarding.Read MoreChallenges Facing The European Convention On Human Rights1820 Words   |  8 Pagescitizenship enabling migration and cultural clashes, whilst also looking at the statute that enables free movement of goods and people, resulting in mass immigration and the Eu ropean Convention on Human Rights. This paper will evaluate EU principles that affect the UK constitution, such as the European Convention on Human Rights, the Costa v ENEL (1964) CMLR 425 case being evidence proving that the EU will face challenges concerning its law being more superior than national law, Van Gend en loos (1963)Read MoreChallenges Facing The European Convention On Human Rights1823 Words   |  8 Pagescitizenship enabling migration and cultural clashes, whilst also looking at the statute that enables free movement of goods and people, resulting in mass immigration and the European Convention on Human Rights. This paper will evaluate EU principles that affect the UK constitution, such as the European Convention on Human Rights, the Costa v ENEL (1964) CMLR 425 case being evidence proving that the EU will face challenges concerning its law being more superior than national law, Van Gend en loos (1963)

The Rwandan Genocide And The Civil War - 1773 Words

Introduction The Rwandan genocide was a period of the Rwandan civil war where the Rwandan armed forces and Hutus killed at least 500 000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus from April 6 to July 15, 1994 (Rwandan Genocide, 2016). Women were particularly victimized and continue to be affected today by the genocide because of the lasting impacts including trauma from sexual violence, suffering from the intentional transmission of HIV, and being forced to bear children of rape (Mullins, 2009, 722; Donovan, 2002, 17; Human Rights Watch, 2006). However, women were granted some restitution through traditional community justice, the Gacaca courts, with some women even holding positions as judges (Ka Hon Chu de Brouwer, 2011, 203; Issifu, 2015, 71).†¦show more content†¦It was not until April 6, 1994 that the official genocide begun when the Rwandan president Habyarimana was assassinated and all Tutsis were ordered to be killed, more than 500 000 of them by the end of the genocide in July 1994 (Powell, 20 15). The genocide ended and a new government was set up when the RPF captured the capital city, Kigali, but still there remains lingering tension in the region today (Powell, 2015). Sexual Violence as a Method of Genocide Sexual violence, including rape and the intentional spreading of HIV, was a common way of perpetrating genocide against Tutsi women. As discussed by Dorris Buss (2009, 145-146), feminists have argued that rape is not just a by-product of violence, but something that is planned and used intentionally as a method of destruction against the enemy. Consequently, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda classed rape as a crime against humanity as it was done with the intention to destroy the Tutsi population because of their racial background (Buss, 2009, 150). Specifically, rape was used to disgrace the Tutsi women’s identity and humiliate Tutsi society more broadly, in addition to creating mixed-race children that would serve as a reminder of their degradation (Mullins, 2009, 722). Mullins expands on this by adding that rape was used as a mechanism to heighten fear and domination over Tutsi women and to terrorize them and their famili es, as their husbands andShow MoreRelatedA Look at the Rwandan Genocide Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pageseconomies. People are suffering and have very little hope. Genocide is the only reason. Everything could have been prevented if genocide didn’t exist. The world basically ignored the genocide and pretended like it never happened because they didn’t want to spend the money. Thousands of people could still be alive if the world stepped up at helped the victims of this horrible crime. Rwanda used to be a peaceful country until the Civil war started. Belgium then took over Rwanda and put the TutsisRead MoreThe Rwanda Of The Rwandan Defence Force904 Words   |  4 PagesCentral Africa continues to experience instability with civil wars; terrorism; ethnic violence and a lack of proper governance. Each conflict has its own individual history, perpetrators, victims and bystanders with difficult answers on how to solve them. The post-genocide nation of Rwanda witnessed one of the most horrific events a nation could experience, genocide. However, it has rebuilt itself to become an example nation for transitional justice, political stability and economic development.Read More Roots of the Rwandan Genocide1739 Words   |  7 PagesOn April 6, 1994, Rwanda experienced a period of great turmoil as thousands of people fell victim to the horrors of the Rwandan genocide. The main targets of the genocide were Tutsis and Hutu moderates. Though the main cause of the genocide was a conflict between two ethnicities, the genocide was also fueled by political factors and social conditions. Rwanda is the smallest sub-Saharan country with a population of about 7 million inhabitants. Although the indigenous peoples of Rwanda are the TwaRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Rwandan Civil War889 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history, civilizations have collided because of the many differences. Whatever the differences may be, much can be described as a fault line war. These wars have characteristics of the bloody massacres that are led on by ownership in territory and contain non-governmental groups at the helm of the massacre. Inevitably, these wars result in ethnic cleansing of the weaker group. Kenneth J. Campbell, Associate Professor Emeritus at University of Delaware, claims that â€Å"In 1992, Rwanda’s populationRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Rwandan Civil War887 Words   |  4 PagesCivilizations Throughout history civilizations have collided because of many differences. Whatever the differences may be, much can be described as a fault line war. These wars have characteristics of bloody massacres that are led on by ownership in territory and contain non-governmental groups at the helm of the massacre. Inevitably, these wars result in ethnic cleansing of the weaker group. Kenneth J. Campbell, Associate Professor Emeritus at University of Delaware, claims that â€Å"In 1992, Rwanda’s populationRead MoreHumanitarian Intervention Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pagesprotect the basic human rights of civilians during civil wars and during crime against humanity. (Humanitarian, 2008) Realism explains that humanitarian intervention came about during the genocide in Bosnia but not in Rwanda because even though it might have been the correct moral action to take, intervention in Rwanda was not in the national interest of other states. Also, there was no humanitarian intervention in the Rwanda genocide because the genocide was not explicitly known about. (Hintjens, 1999)Read MoreAn Inside Look at Rwanda Essays1195 Words   |  5 PagesUganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The country is home to various cultures and languages such as Kinyarwanda (Bantu) and French. Although mostly recovered, the devastation of the 1994 genocide still plagues the country. This included the mass killings of Rwandans led by the political elite name Akazu. The Tutsi’s, one of the two major cultures in Rwanda, population was drastically affected by the horrific event. The demographics of Rwanda as of 2010 are very intriguingRead MoreUNs Failures in Preventing Rwandan Genocide811 Words   |  3 PagesAccording to Aldelman (2005), the Rwanda 1994 genocide was the most disastrous case of mass murder the entire world has ever witnessed since WWII. The genocide resulted from the deliberate choice of a modern elite to foster hatred and fear to keep itself in power. According to Shah, (2006), this was a case of the majority Hutu who comprised 85% of the population turning against the Tutsi minority who made up 12% of the population in order to counter a growing political opposition within Rwanda. TheRead MoreThe Concept of Human Security: A Step Against the Genocide of the Israelis1636 Words   |  7 Pagesthe year 1974 plays a vital role in the development of one of the important concepts ever invented, Humans security, when the US government had successfully formed alliance with the NATO nations and their forces against the German Nazis to stop the genocide of Israelis. With this accomplishment, soon a tension arose between the US government and NATO Administration. This tension mainly arose due to different establishments that were being made by the USA and the Soviet Unions. With this difference,Read MoreThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rwanda Genocide was an unfortunate case where thousands of deaths could have been prevented, but because of irresponsibility and selfishness of global governments’ innocent lives were lost. The Genocide began on April 6, 1994 and was, â€Å"initiated by the Hutu political elite and extremists and its military support, their prime targets were the Tutsi, as well as Hutu moderates.† (Hain 2) The Hutu made up majority of the population and government officials and enforced a government-assisted military

Surfing Practice Expository Essay Free Essays

Practice Essay – Academic Writing Many people say surfing isn’t a sport, it’s a lifestyle – but, it’s more than that. From the moment you first step in the ocean to the day you die it is a part of you. It becomes the way you think and what plays across your mind when you are in that subconscious state between awake and asleep. We will write a custom essay sample on Surfing Practice Expository Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has an affair with your emotions and embeds itself in the depths of your heart. You cannot get rid of the ocean once it’s made its mark on you. It is unlike any other addiction on the planet. They say too much of anything can kill you, but, when it comes to surfing – you can never get enough. Surfing began in the islands of Hawaii, the first ever report written by Lieutenant James King of Captain James Cook’s ship Discovery. In this report he described the art of surfing over two pages in the narrative portion of Captain Cook’s journals. Surfing was an extremely spiritual and important part of Hawaiian life, so much so, that places were named after particular surfing incedents. When the Calvinistic Christian Missionaries arrived in Hawaii the number of surfers in the water declined rapidly as the missionaries claimed the sport, amongst others, was â€Å"Against the laws of God†. For years it was rare to see a surfer in the water, the surfing culture had almost died out. However, in 1907 Jack London a famous author took a vacation in Hawaii – staying in Waikiki – and was introduced to surfing by Alexander Hume Ford and George Freeth. Being an author, it was no surprise when Jack wrote of his surfing experience in his book entitled A Royal Sport: Surfing in Waikiki. This new publicity breathed life into the dying sport – and not long after – George Freeth was asked to put on a wave riding demonstration in California, bringing surfing to America. Now days, surfing is a huge sport. There are approximately 23 million surfers worldwide, a stark contrast to the late 1800’s in Hawaii. Surf companies are popping up all over the place – their main aim to provide surf equipment and apparel to the surf community and those who fancy the style. Surfing has grown, not only as a leisure sport, but also in competition. Currently, there are 34 men and 17 women competing on the WCT (World Championship Tour), and millions more taking to the water in small town events and larger professional or amateur competitions. Surfing is also making its way into the film industry, with surf photography and documentaries becoming increasingly popular. With all the hype and inflation of surfing, it will still remain a magical and adrenaline pumping experience. There are many surfers who surf for the pure joy of being out in the ocean, at one with rising and falling swells, no matter how far it is extracted from its humble, spiritual beginnings in Hawaii. These surfers are known as soul surfers – and it is these people that will continue to keep surfing alive for generations to come. How to cite Surfing Practice Expository Essay, Essays

John Dalton and Atomic Theory Outline and Sources free essay sample

This is the general path to his discoveries. However, no one knows specifically how he reached most of his conclusions about atoms. II. Work on the atom and its contribution to the modern atomic model A. Lavoisier’s Law influenced Dalton’s assertion that atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or subdivided. B. Proust’s Law of Definite Proportions led Dalton to his Law of Multiple Proportions C. He was trying to explain why water absorbs different gases in different proportions. D. Contributions 1. All matter consists of tiny particles, atoms. 2. Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, separated into smaller parts or transformed into another element. 3. All atoms of the same element have identical weights, while atoms of different elements have different weights. 4. When elements react, their atoms combine in simple, whole-number ratios. 5. When elements react, their atoms sometimes combine in more than one simple, whole-number ratio. 6. When atoms combine in only one ratio, they are combining in a 1:1 ratio. We will write a custom essay sample on John Dalton and Atomic Theory Outline and Sources or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page III. Contributions which were eventually disproven and thus are not part of the modern model A. The idea that atoms that combine in only one ratio do so in a 1:1 ratio not only led him to wrong conclusions, but also caused his theory to be rejected for many years. B. Another mistaken idea was that atoms cannot be separated into smaller parts or transformed into another element. C. The assertion that all atoms of the same element have identical weights, while atoms of different elements have different weights is inaccurate. IV. Conclusion A. His work was important and foundational to modern atomic model. Sources [1] John Dalton (British Scientist): Atomic Theory. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n. d. Web. 5 Feb. 2013. . [2] Lefers, Mark, and Holmgren Lab. Northwestern University/Morimoto Laboratory-Definitions. Online Posting. Morimoto Laboratory. Northwestern University, 26 July 2004. Web. 5 Feb. 2013. . [3] John Dalton Biography. Bio. com. AE Networks Television, n. d. Web. 5 Feb. 2013. . [4] Senese, Fred. Foundations of Daltons Atomic Theory. Gener al Chemistry Online: Companion Notes: Atoms Ions: Daltons Atomic Theory: Daltons Postulates. N. p. , 25 July 2005. Web. 5 Feb. 2013. .